Reading List

This page provides a comprehensive list of references cited throughout the EDIAQI Wiki.

(This list is continuously updated.)

EDIAQI Project Deliverables

• EDIAQI. D3.1 Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit.

• EDIAQI. D3.2 Guidelines for Pilot City Labs to Set-Up Indoor Pollutant Monitoring Stations.

• EDIAQI. D3.3 Novel Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Solutions Handbook. (Public PDF not listed as available on the EDIAQI public deliverables page; checked October 9, 2026.)

• EDIAQI. D4.2 A Compendium of Pilot Reports and Findings.

• EDIAQI. D4.3 Framework and Standards for Data Interoperability - Version 1.

• EDIAQI. D4.6 Privacy and IoT Security Report - Version 1.

• EDIAQI. D4.7 Framework and Standards for Data Interoperability - Version 2.

• EDIAQI. D4.9 Privacy and IoT Security Report - Version 2. (Public PDF not listed as available on the EDIAQI public deliverables page; checked October 9, 2026.)

• EDIAQI. D5.1 Report of Existing Cohort Data and Analysis Regarding Health Effects of Pollutants.

• EDIAQI. D6.3 EDIAQI Clean Air Act 2050 Roadmap. (Public PDF not listed as available on the EDIAQI public deliverables page; checked October 9, 2026.)

• EDIAQI. D7.4 Market, Innovation and Applicability Analysis Report. (Public PDF not listed as available on the EDIAQI public deliverables page; checked October 9, 2026.)

WHO

• World Health Organization. (1987). Air quality guidelines for Europe.

• World Health Organization. (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe (2nd edition).

• World Health Organization. (2005). Air quality guidelines global update 2005.

• World Health Organization. (2009). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould.

• World Health Organization. (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants.

• World Health Organization. (2014). WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: Household fuel combustion.

• World Health Organization. (2020). WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000–2019. Global Health Estimates Technical Paper WHO/DDI/DNA/GHE/2020.3. Geneva: World Health Organization.

• WHO Regional Office for Europe. (2020). Methods for sampling and analysis of chemical pollutants in indoor air: supplementary publication to the screening tool for assessment of health risks from combined exposure to multiple chemicals in indoor air. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.

• World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

• World Health Organization. (2025, December 16). Household air pollution. Fact sheet; current version of the webpage originally registered under the legacy ID WHO_2023. Accessed October 10, 2026.

European Union

• European Union. Emergencies: 112, the single European emergency number. Your Europe. Accessed October 9, 2026.

• Council of the European Union. (1989, November 30). Council Directive 89/654/EEC of 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the workplace (first individual directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).

• European Parliament & Council. (2008, May 21). Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Union

• Council of the European Union. (2013, December 5). Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation. Official Journal of the European Union, L 13, 1-73.

• European Parliament & Council. (2024, October 23). Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast). Official Journal of the European Union

• European Parliament. (2021). European Parliament resolution of 25 March 2021 on the implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Directives: Directive 2004/107/EC and Directive 2008/50/EC.

• European Commission. (2018). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Europe that protects: Clean air for all.

• European Commission: Directorate-General for Environment. (2022). Study to support the impact assessment for a revision of the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives: final report. Publications Office of the European Union.

• European Commission. EU clean air policy.

• European Commission: Directorate-General for Environment. EU air quality standards.

Zero Pollution Action Plan (ZPAP)

• European Commission. (2021). EU Action Plan: 'Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil'.

• European Commission. (2021) Zero Pollution Action Plan.

• European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. (2022). Horizon projects supporting the zero pollution action plan. Publications Office of the European Union.

• European Commission, J.R.C. (2022). Zero Pollution Outlook 2022. Publications Office of the European Union.

Outdoor air

• European Commission. (2022) Revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directives.

European Environment Agency (EEA)

• European Environment Agency. (2020). Healthy environment, healthy lives: how the environment influences health and well-being in Europe. EEA Report No 21/2019; published September 8, 2020.

• European Environment Agency. (2020). Air quality in Europe - 2020 report. (Report)

• European Environment Agency. (2023). Air pollution and children's health. (Briefing no. 07/2023)

• European Environment Agency. (2025). Air quality status report 2025. (Web report)

Scientific literature

Indoor air quality: guidance, ventilation and policy

Broad reviews, guidance, ventilation strategies and policy for improving indoor air quality.

• Asikainen, A., Carrer, P., Kephalopoulos, S., de Oliveira Fernandes, E., Wargocki, P., & Hänninen, O. (2016). Reducing burden of disease from residential indoor air exposures in Europe (HEALTHVENT project). Environmental Health, 15(Suppl 1), S35.

• Carrer, P., Wargocki, P., Fanetti, A., Bischof, W., de Oliveira Fernandes, E., Hartmann, T., Kephalopoulos, S., Palkonen, S., & Seppänen, O. (2015). What does the scientific literature tell us about the ventilation–health relationship in public and residential buildings? Building and Environment, 94, 273–286.

• Carrer, P., de Oliveira Fernandes, E., Santos, H., Hänninen, O., Kephalopoulos, S., & Wargocki, P. (2018). On the Development of Health-Based Ventilation Guidelines: Principles and Framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1360.

• Cincinelli, A., & Martellini, T. (2017). Indoor air quality and health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1286.

• Dimitroulopoulou, S., et al. (2023). Indoor air quality guidelines from across the world: An appraisal considering energy saving, health, productivity, and comfort. Environment International, 178, 108127.

• González-Caballero, M. del C., de Alba-Gonzalez, M., & Tarazona, J. V. (2024). Pollution, indoor air. In Encyclopedia of Toxicology (4th ed., Vol. 7, pp. 787-799). Elsevier.

• Lovrić, M., et al. (2025). Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement: An innovative and interdisciplinary approach to improving indoor air quality. BioFactors, 51(1), e2126.

• Settimo, G., Manigrasso, M., & Avino, P. (2020). Indoor air quality: A focus on the European legislation and state-of-the-art research in Italy. Atmosphere, 11(4), 370.

• Sundell, J., et al. (2011). Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. Indoor Air, 21(3), 191-204.

Monitoring, ventilation assessment and air cleaning

Ventilation assessment using carbon dioxide, indoor particle mass balance, and air-cleaning performance.

• Cheek, E., Guercio, V., Shrubsole, C., & Dimitroulopoulou, S. (2021). Portable air purification: Review of impacts on indoor air quality and health. Science of The Total Environment, 766, 142585.

• Emmerich, S. J., & Nabinger, S. J. (2000). Measurement and Simulation of the IAQ Impact of Particle Air Cleaners in a Single-Zone Building. NISTIR 6461. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

• Persily, A. K., & Polidoro, B. (2022). Indoor Carbon Dioxide Metric Analysis Tool. NIST Technical Note 2213. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

• Petrić, V., Strbad, D., Račić, N., Hussein, T., Kecorius, S., Mureddu, F., & Lovrić, M. (2026). Hybrid Digital Twin Framework for Real-Time Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Filtration Optimization. Atmosphere, 17(2), 184.

• Pietraru, R. N., Nicolae, M., Mocanu, Ș., & Merezeanu, D.-M. (2024). Easy-to-Use MOX-Based VOC Sensors for Efficient Indoor Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors, 24(8), 2501.

• Wang, Z., Delp, W. W., & Singer, B. C. (2020). Performance of low-cost indoor air quality monitors for PM2.5 and PM10 from residential sources. Building and Environment, 171, 106654. Publication record and accepted manuscript.

Indoor pollutants: gases, VOCs and PAHs

Sources, concentrations and possible health effects of indoor gases (including nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and radon), volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Bituh, T., Lovrić Štefiček, M. J., Čvorišćec, T., Petrinec, B., & Davila, S. (2026). Evaluation of Residential Indoor Radon Levels in Zagreb Using Machine Learning. Environments, 13(3), 144.

• Gostner, J. M., et al. (2016). Cellular reactions to long-term volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures. Scientific Reports, 6, 37842.

• Halios, C. H., Landeg-Cox, C., Lowther, S. D., Middleton, A., Marczylo, T., & Dimitroulopoulou, S. (2022). Chemicals in European residences: Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Science of the Total Environment, 839, 156201.

• Jacobson, T. A., Kler, J. S., Hernke, M. T., Braun, R. K., Meyer, K. C., & Funk, W. E. (2019). Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature Sustainability, 2(8), 691-701.

• Kashtan, Y., Nicholson, M., Finnegan, C. J., Ouyang, Z., Garg, A., Lebel, E. D., Rowland, S. T., Michanowicz, D. R., Herrera, J., Nadeau, K. C., & Jackson, R. B. (2024). Nitrogen dioxide exposure, health outcomes, and associated demographic disparities due to gas and propane combustion by U.S. stoves. Science Advances, 10(18), eadm8680. Open-access full text.

• Lovrić, M., Račić, N., Pehnec, G., Horvat, T., Lovrić Štefiček, M. J., & Jakovljević, I. (2024). Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Relationship to Ambient Air, Risk Estimation, and Source Apportionment Based on Household Measurements. Atmosphere, 15(12), 1525.

• Oliveira, M., Slezakova, K., Delerue-Matos, C., Pereira, M. C., & Morais, S. (2016). Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of preschool environments (3–5 years old children). Environmental Pollution, 208, 382–394.

• Račić, N., et al. (2025). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Environments: A Review and Analysis of Measured Concentrations in Europe. Indoor Air, 2025(1), 5945455.

Particles: sources, dynamics and indoor–outdoor relationships

Particle sources, transport, deposition, coagulation, and relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations.

• Halios, C. C., Helmis, C. G., Eleftheriadis, K., Flocas, H. A., & Assimakopoulos, V. D. (2009). A comparative study of the main mechanisms controlling indoor air pollution in residential flats. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 204(1–4), 333–350.

• He, C., Morawska, L., & Taplin, L. (2007). Particle emission characteristics of office printers. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(17), 6039–6045.

• Nazaroff, W. W. (2004). Indoor particle dynamics. Indoor Air, 14(Suppl. 7), 175–183. Open-access author manuscript.

• Rim, D., Green, M., Wallace, L., Persily, A., & Choi, J.-I. (2012). Evolution of ultrafine particle size distributions following indoor episodic releases: Relative importance of coagulation, deposition and ventilation. Aerosol Science and Technology, 46(5), 494–503. Open-access author manuscript.

Particles: exposure, deposition and biomarkers

Fine and ultrafine particles, their deposition in the respiratory tract and biological markers of exposure.

• Bennett, W. D., & Zeman, K. L. (1998). Deposition of fine particles in children spontaneously breathing at rest. Inhalation Toxicology, 10(9), 831-842.

• Dris, R., et al. (2017). A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments. Environmental Pollution, 221, 453-458.

• Gasperi, J., et al. (2018). Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 1-5.

• Jalava, P. I., et al. (2015). Day and night variation in chemical composition and toxicological responses of size segregated urban air PM samples in a high air pollution situation. Atmospheric Environment, 120, 427–437.

• Manigrasso, M., Vitali, M., Protano, C., & Avino, P. (2018). Ultrafine particles in domestic environments: Regional doses deposited in the human respiratory system. Environment International, 118, 134-145.

• Nassan, F. L., et al. (2021). Ambient PM2.5 species and ultrafine particle exposure and their differential metabolomic signatures. Environment International, 151, 106447.

• Olarini, A., et al. (2022). Vertical Transfer of Metabolites Detectable from Newborn's Dried Blood Spot Samples Using UPLC-MS: A Chemometric Study. Metabolites, 12(2), 94.

• Zhu, L., Sevelsted, A., Vissing, N. H., Chawes, B. L., & Bisgaard, H. (2023). Associations of pre- and postnatal exposures with optic nerve status in young adults. Acta Ophthalmologica, 101(7), 808-816.

Allergens, microbiome and asthma

Indoor allergens, early-life microbiota, pediatric cohorts, traffic pollution and secondhand smoke in allergic and respiratory disease.

• Agnew, M., Banić, I., Lake, I. R., Goodess, C., Grossi, C. M., Jones, N. R., Plavec, D., Epstein, M., & Turkalj, M. (2018). Modifiable Risk Factors for Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Allergy and Disease in Children: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1339.

• Banić, I., Turkalj, M., Plavec, D., Erceg, D., & Agnew, M. (2014). Regional differences in sensitization to Ambrosia in Croatian children. European Respiratory Journal, 44(Suppl 58), P1190.

• Bisgaard, H. (2004). The Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC): design, rationale, and baseline data from a longitudinal birth cohort study. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 93(4), 381-389.

• Bisgaard, H., et al. (2007). Childhood asthma after bacterial colonization of the airway in neonates. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(15), 1487-1495.

• Bisgaard, H., et al. (2013). Deep phenotyping of the unselected COPSAC2010 birth cohort study. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 43(12), 1384-1394.

• Gaffin, J. M., & Phipatanakul, W. (2009). The role of indoor allergens in the development of asthma. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 9(2), 128-135.

• Gupta, S., et al. (2020). Environmental shaping of the bacterial and fungal community in infant bed dust and correlations with the airway microbiota. Microbiome, 8, 115.

• Janssen, N. A. H., et al. (2003). The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(12), 1512–1518.

• Lehtimäki, J., et al. (2021). Urbanized microbiota in infants, immune constitution, and later risk of atopic diseases. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 148(1), 234-243.

• Lu, C., et al. (2023). Early life exposure to outdoor air pollution and indoor environmental factors on the development of childhood allergy from early symptoms to diseases. Environmental Research, 216, 114538.

• Raaschou-Nielsen, O., et al. (2010). Long-term exposure to indoor air pollution and wheezing symptoms in infants. Indoor Air, 20(2), 159-167.

• Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Baker, P. E., Loland, L., Hermansen, M. N., Wolkoff, P., & Bisgaard, H. (2011). Predictors of indoor fine particulate matter in infants' bedrooms in Denmark. Environmental Research, 111(1), 87-93.

• Rabe, K. F., et al. (2004). Worldwide severity and control of asthma in children and adults: the global asthma insights and reality surveys. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 114(1), 40-47.

• Tiotiu, A. I., et al. (2020). Impact of air pollution on asthma outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6212.

• Wang, Z., et al. (2015). Effects of secondhand smoke exposure on asthma morbidity and health care utilization in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 115(5), 396-401.e2.

Schools and workplaces

Indoor conditions in classrooms and offices and their links with health, comfort and performance.

• Fisk, W. J. (2017). The ventilation problem in schools: literature review. Indoor Air, 27(6), 1039-1051.

• Jafari, M. J., et al. (2015). Association of sick building syndrome with indoor air parameters. Tanaffos, 14(1), 55-62.

• Mendell, M. J., & Heath, G. A. (2005). Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air, 15(1), 27-52.

• Sadrizadeh, S., et al. (2022). Indoor air quality and health in schools: A critical review for developing the roadmap for the future school environment. Journal of Building Engineering, 57, 104908.

• Wargocki, P., Wyon, D. P., Lynge-Jensen, K., & Bornehag, C.-G. (2008). The effects of electrostatic particle filtration and supply-air filter condition in classrooms on the performance of schoolwork by children (RP-1257). HVAC&R Research, 14(3), 327–344.

• Wolkoff, P. (2008). "Healthy" eye in office-like environments. Environment International, 34(8), 1204-1214.

Cardiovascular and infection outcomes

Air pollution in cardiovascular disease, physiological responses and COVID-19 outcomes.

• Day, D. B., et al. (2017). Association of ozone exposure with cardiorespiratory pathophysiologic mechanisms in healthy adults. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(9), 1344-1353.

• Hossain, M. P., Zhou, W., Leung, M. Y., & Yuan, H. Y. (2024). Association of air pollution and weather conditions during infection course with COVID-19 case fatality rate in the United Kingdom. Scientific reports, 14(1), 683.

• Lelieveld, J., et al. (2019). Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions. European Heart Journal, 40(20), 1590-1596.

• Mustafić, H., et al. (2012). Main air pollutants and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 307(7), 713-721.

Cancer, radon and genotoxicity

Lung cancer risk, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and methods for testing genetic damage.

• Bonassi, S., et al. (2011). The HUman MicroNucleus project on eXfoLiated buccal cells (HUMNXL): The role of life-style, host factors, occupational exposures, health status, and assay protocol. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 728(3), 88–97.

• Bonassi, S., Milić, M., & Neri, M. (2016). Frequency of micronuclei and other biomarkers of DNA damage in populations exposed to dusts, asbestos and other fibers. A systematic review. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 770(Pt A), 106–118.

• Bonassi, S., et al. (2021). DNA damage in circulating leukocytes measured with the comet assay may predict the risk of death. Scientific Reports, 11, 16793.

• Ceppi, M., Biasotti, B., Fenech, M., & Bonassi, S. (2010). Human population studies with the exfoliated buccal micronucleus assay: statistical and epidemiological issues. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 705(1), 11-19.

• Darby, S., et al. (2005). Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ, 330, 223.

• Fenech, M., et al. (2011). The HUMN and HUMNxL international collaboration projects on human micronucleus assays in lymphocytes and buccal cells - past, present and future. Mutagenesis, 26(1), 239–245.

• Stading, R., et al. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Implications for human lung cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 76, 3-16.

• Štampar, M., Tomc, J., Filipič, M., & Žegura, B. (2019). Development of in vitro 3D cell model from hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line and its application for genotoxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology, 93(11), 3321-3333.

• Štampar, M., Breznik, B., Filipič, M., & Žegura, B. (2020). Characterization of in vitro 3D cell model developed from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Cells, 9(12), 2557.

Population health, vulnerable groups and inequalities

Pollution burden, pregnancy and cognitive outcomes, and unequal exposure across population groups.

• Fuller, R., et al. (2022). Pollution and health: a progress update. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(6), e535-e547.

• Laurent, É. (2022). Air (ine)quality in the European Union. Current Environmental Health Reports, 9(2), 123-129.

• Lee, K. K., et al. (2020). Adverse health effects associated with household air pollution: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and burden estimation study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(11), e1427–e1434.

• Ranft, U., et al. (2009). Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly. Environmental Research, 109(8), 1004-1011.

• Šrám, R. J., et al. (2005). Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(4), 375-382.

• van den Brekel, L., et al. (2024). Ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in air pollution exposure: a cross-sectional analysis of nationwide individual-level data from the Netherlands. The Lancet Planetary Health, 8(1), e18-e29.

Computational methods, machine learning and data science

Predictive modeling, regression algorithms, ensemble classifiers and machine learning frameworks for environmental health.

• Breiman, L. (2001). Random Forests. Machine Learning, 45(1), 5-32.

• Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction (2nd ed.). Springer New York.

• Lovrić, M., Banić, I., Lacić, E., Pavlović, K., Kern, R., & Turkalj, M. (2021). Predicting Treatment Outcomes Using Explainable Machine Learning in Children with Asthma. Children, 8(5), 376.

• Prokhorenkova, L., Gusev, G., Vorobev, A., Dorogush, A. V., & Gulin, A. (2018). CatBoost: unbiased boosting with categorical features. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 31, 6638-6648.

Standards and Policy Documents

• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2022). Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022). Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.

• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2025). ASHRAE Position Document on Indoor Carbon Dioxide. Approved February 12, 2025.

• Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN). (2019). Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics (EN 16798-1:2019). Brussels: CEN.

• Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN). (2019). High efficiency air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA) - Part 1: Classification, performance testing, marking (EN 1822-1:2019). Brussels: CEN.

• European Parliament and Council. Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, L 2024/1275, 2024.

• Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (FiSIAQ). Classification of Indoor Environment 2018: Target Values, Design Guidance and Product Requirements. Building Information Foundation RTS, Helsinki, 2018.

• République Française. Décret n° 2011-1727 et n° 2011-1728 relatifs à la surveillance de la qualité de l'air intérieur dans certains établissements recevant du public. Journal Officiel de la République Française, 2011.

• Health Canada. (2024). Using a portable air cleaner to improve indoor air. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

• Health Canada. (2013). Guidance for Benzene in Residential Indoor Air: Science Assessment Document. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

• International Organization for Standardization. (2000). ISO 4224:2000: Ambient air - Determination of carbon monoxide - Non-dispersive infrared spectrometric method. Official standard description and scope. Accessed October 9, 2026.

• International Organization for Standardization. (2014). Indoor air - Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy (ISO 16000-1:2014). Geneva: ISO.

• International Organization for Standardization. (2021). Indoor air - Part 6: Determination of organic compounds (VVOC, VOC, SVOC) in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS FID (ISO 16000-6:2021). Geneva: ISO.

• International Organization for Standardization. (2008). ISO 16000-15:2008. Indoor air - Part 15: Sampling strategy for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). First edition; reviewed and confirmed in 2024.

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2012). Indoor air - Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO2). ISO 16000-26:2012. Official catalog entry and scope description.

• International Organization for Standardization. (2018). ISO 16000-34:2018. Indoor air - Part 34: Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles.

• International Organization for Standardization. (2016). Air filters for general ventilation (ISO 16890:2016). Geneva: ISO.

• Administration de l'environnement, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. (2026). Polluants atmosphériques et valeurs limites de qualité de l'air (mis à jour le 31 mars 2026). Portail de l'environnement.

• República Portuguesa. Regulamento dos Sistemas Energéticos de Climatização em Edifícios (RECS). Decreto-Lei n.º 118/2013, Diário da República, 2013.

• Ausschuss für Innenraumrichtwerte (AIR). Richtwerte für die Innenraumluft: Empfehlungen des Umweltbundesamtes und der obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden. Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, 2023.

Public Health and Technical Guidance

• Health and Safety Executive (HSE). General hazards of Carbon Dioxide. Updated May 20, 2026. Accessed October 9, 2026.

• Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Introduction to working in confined spaces. Updated January 12, 2026. Accessed October 9, 2026.

• Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Using CO2 monitors. Ventilation in the workplace. Accessed October 9, 2026.

• National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2025). How Do Carbon Monoxide Detectors Work? Updated February 20, 2026.

• Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Innenraumrichtwerte der Innenraumlufthygiene-Kommission des Umweltbundesamtes und der Obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden. (2008). Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Kohlendioxid in der Innenraumluft. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 51, 1358-1369. DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0707-2.

• UK Health Security Agency. (2022). Carbon monoxide: general information. Updated May 24, 2022.

• UK Health Security Agency. (2022). Carbon monoxide: toxicological overview. Updated May 24, 2022.

Books

• Hippocrates. (1923). Airs, waters, places. In Hippocrates (Vol. 1, pp. 65-137). (W. H. S. Jones, Trans.). William Heinemann; Harvard University Press. (Original work published ca. 400 B.C.E.)

• Zhang, Y., Hopke, P. K., & Mandin, C. (Eds.). (2022). Handbook of indoor air quality. Springer Nature.

Other

• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2016). Outdoor air pollution. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 109. Lyon, France: IARC. Copyright year 2016; online publication December 17, 2015. The Working Group met in October 2013.

• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2018). Benzene. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 120. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.

• Popova, D. (2023, October 24). Air equity: Unravelling the pollution puzzle in Sofia's largest Roma neighborhood. Clean Air Fund.

• Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER). (2008). Opinion on risk assessment on indoor air quality. European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection, Brussels.

• WHO Regional Office for Europe. (2019). Environmental health inequalities in Europe: Second assessment report. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.